{"id":2643,"date":"2024-06-03T14:04:26","date_gmt":"2024-06-03T12:04:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pinova-meteo.com\/proizvod\/bacterial-fire-blight-of-apple-erwinia-amylovora"},"modified":"2025-07-17T08:45:01","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T06:45:01","slug":"bacterial-fire-blight-of-apple-erwinia-amylovora","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pinova-meteo.com\/en\/product\/bacterial-fire-blight-of-apple-erwinia-amylovora","title":{"rendered":"Bacterial fire blight of apple &#8211; Erwinia amylovora"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 data-start=\"275\" data-end=\"334\"><strong data-start=\"279\" data-end=\"334\">Fire Blight of Apple \u2013 A Serious Threat to Orchards<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"742\"><strong data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"351\">Fire blight<\/strong> is one of the most destructive and dangerous bacterial diseases affecting <a href=\"https:\/\/pinova.hr\/en\/apple-nutritive-value-and-application\/\">apple<\/a> orchards. Biologically, it has the potential to wipe out entire plantations, while economically it can cause severe losses. The disease is caused by the bacterium <em data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"614\">Erwinia amylovora<\/em>. The term <em data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"635\">\u201cblight\u201d<\/em> refers to the typical symptoms: leaves and fruit turning brown or black, appearing as if scorched by fire.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"744\" data-end=\"747\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"749\" data-end=\"777\"><strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"777\">Disease Transmission<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"1135\">The pathogen spreads through bees, other insects, birds, rain, wind, contaminated tools, and even human hands. Damaged plant tissue is highly susceptible to infection. Hailstorms, for instance, can trigger an outbreak across an entire orchard within minutes. Producers must not delay action and should apply preventive measures within hours after rainfall.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1442\">Once the bacteria reach a suitable entry point\u2014typically through open stomata\u2014they invade the plant and cause dark necrotic lesions, often releasing a sticky exudate. This bacterial ooze can be transferred by vectors to other parts of the same plant or to neighboring plants, causing secondary infections.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1832\">Erwinia amylovora\u00a0thrives under warm and humid conditions and goes dormant during winter. However, infected tissue still harbors bacteria, which can resume activity and exudate production when favorable spring conditions return. From the infection site, the bacteria travel through the plant\u2019s vascular system, often reaching the roots. Infected root systems frequently result in plant wilting.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1905\">Bacterial colonization of the flower\u2019s stigma is temperature-dependent:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"2114\">\n<li data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"1939\">\n<p data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1939\"><strong data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1924\">Slow growth:<\/strong> below 21.1\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1940\" data-end=\"1976\">\n<p data-start=\"1942\" data-end=\"1976\"><strong data-start=\"1942\" data-end=\"1962\">Moderate growth:<\/strong> 21.1\u201323.8\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"2008\">\n<p data-start=\"1979\" data-end=\"2008\"><strong data-start=\"1979\" data-end=\"1996\">Rapid growth:<\/strong> 23.8\u201335\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2009\" data-end=\"2043\">\n<p data-start=\"2011\" data-end=\"2043\"><strong data-start=\"2011\" data-end=\"2029\">Optimal range:<\/strong> 27.7\u201332.2\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2044\" data-end=\"2073\">\n<p data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2073\"><strong data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2060\">No growth:<\/strong> above 35\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2074\" data-end=\"2114\">\n<p data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2114\"><strong data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2099\">Population decline:<\/strong> above 37.2\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2116\" data-end=\"2119\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2171\"><strong data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2171\">CougarBlight Infection Model in PinovaSoft<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2173\" data-end=\"2419\">To effectively manage this devastating disease, the <strong data-start=\"2225\" data-end=\"2257\">CougarBlight infection model<\/strong> is integrated into the <strong data-start=\"2281\" data-end=\"2295\">PinovaSoft<\/strong> application (used with the Pinova Meteo weather station). It is a vital tool in disease prediction and timely intervention.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2421\" data-end=\"2454\"><strong data-start=\"2421\" data-end=\"2454\">Core components of the model:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2455\" data-end=\"2626\">\n<li data-start=\"2455\" data-end=\"2504\">\n<p data-start=\"2457\" data-end=\"2504\">Fire blight history in and around the orchard<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2505\" data-end=\"2557\">\n<p data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2557\">Flower lifecycle and bacterial population growth<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2558\" data-end=\"2583\">\n<p data-start=\"2560\" data-end=\"2583\">Bacterial growth rate<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2584\" data-end=\"2626\">\n<p data-start=\"2586\" data-end=\"2626\">Flower wetness as an infection trigger<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2628\" data-end=\"2631\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2633\" data-end=\"2677\"><strong data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2677\">Erwinia amylovora History \u2013 Risk Scenarios<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2679\" data-end=\"2785\">Risk thresholds are based on prior occurrences of fire blight. Growers must select one of three scenarios:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"2787\" data-end=\"2925\">\n<li data-start=\"2787\" data-end=\"2841\">\n<p data-start=\"2790\" data-end=\"2841\"><strong data-start=\"2790\" data-end=\"2806\">No infection<\/strong> in or near the orchard last year<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2842\" data-end=\"2877\">\n<p data-start=\"2845\" data-end=\"2877\"><strong data-start=\"2845\" data-end=\"2865\">Infection nearby<\/strong> last year<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2878\" data-end=\"2925\">\n<p data-start=\"2881\" data-end=\"2925\"><strong data-start=\"2881\" data-end=\"2901\">Infection within<\/strong> the orchard last year<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"3416\">\n<thead data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"2996\">\n<tr data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"2996\">\n<th data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"2944\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2929\" data-end=\"2943\">Risk Level<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2944\" data-end=\"2961\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2946\" data-end=\"2960\">Scenario 1<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2961\" data-end=\"2978\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2963\" data-end=\"2977\">Scenario 2<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2978\" data-end=\"2996\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2980\" data-end=\"2994\">Scenario 3<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3067\" data-end=\"3416\">\n<tr data-start=\"3067\" data-end=\"3136\">\n<td data-start=\"3067\" data-end=\"3084\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Low<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3084\" data-end=\"3101\">0\u2013150<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3101\" data-end=\"3118\">0\u2013100<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3118\" data-end=\"3136\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3137\" data-end=\"3206\">\n<td data-start=\"3137\" data-end=\"3154\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Caution<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3154\" data-end=\"3171\">150\u2013500<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3171\" data-end=\"3188\">100\u2013200<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3188\" data-end=\"3206\">0\u2013100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3276\">\n<td data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3224\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3224\" data-end=\"3241\">500\u2013800<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3241\" data-end=\"3258\">200\u2013350<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3258\" data-end=\"3276\">100\u2013200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3277\" data-end=\"3346\">\n<td data-start=\"3277\" data-end=\"3294\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Extreme<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3294\" data-end=\"3311\">800\u20131000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3311\" data-end=\"3328\">350\u2013500<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3328\" data-end=\"3346\">200\u2013300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3347\" data-end=\"3416\">\n<td data-start=\"3347\" data-end=\"3364\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Exceptional<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3364\" data-end=\"3381\">&gt;1000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3381\" data-end=\"3398\">&gt;500<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3398\" data-end=\"3416\">&gt;301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote data-start=\"3418\" data-end=\"3495\">\n<p data-start=\"3420\" data-end=\"3495\"><em data-start=\"3420\" data-end=\"3495\">Note: There is no \u201cLow Risk\u201d threshold once an orchard has been infected.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p data-start=\"3497\" data-end=\"3527\"><strong data-start=\"3497\" data-end=\"3527\">Risk Category Terminology:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3529\" data-end=\"4102\">\n<li data-start=\"3529\" data-end=\"3668\">\n<p data-start=\"3531\" data-end=\"3668\"><strong data-start=\"3531\" data-end=\"3543\">Low Risk<\/strong> \u2013 Wetting under these temperatures historically has not led to infection (except for blossoms near known infection sources).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3669\" data-end=\"3869\">\n<p data-start=\"3671\" data-end=\"3869\"><strong data-start=\"3671\" data-end=\"3682\">Caution<\/strong> \u2013 Infection unlikely, but watch weather forecasts closely. If not using antibiotics, consider protecting flowers with alternative materials 3\u20134 days before reaching high-risk conditions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"3981\">\n<p data-start=\"3872\" data-end=\"3981\"><strong data-start=\"3872\" data-end=\"3885\">High Risk<\/strong> \u2013 Infections are common at these temperatures, especially later in bloom and during petal fall.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3982\" data-end=\"4102\">\n<p data-start=\"3984\" data-end=\"4102\"><strong data-start=\"3984\" data-end=\"4007\">Extreme\/Exceptional<\/strong> \u2013 Most severe outbreaks occur under optimal temperature conditions followed by flower wetness.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4104\" data-end=\"4107\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4109\" data-end=\"4160\"><strong data-start=\"4113\" data-end=\"4160\">Flower Lifecycle and Bacterial Colonization<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4162\" data-end=\"4485\">A flower is considered susceptible for <strong data-start=\"4201\" data-end=\"4214\">four days<\/strong> after opening, extended to <strong data-start=\"4242\" data-end=\"4255\">five days<\/strong> for pears. Wetting for at least <strong data-start=\"4288\" data-end=\"4299\">2 hours<\/strong> activates the risk calculation window for all those days. Research suggests flowers may remain susceptible for up to 6\u20138 days, but the model focuses on the most critical 4\u20135 day period.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4487\" data-end=\"4490\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4492\" data-end=\"4521\"><strong data-start=\"4496\" data-end=\"4521\">Bacterial Growth Rate<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4523\" data-end=\"4710\">Once <em data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4547\">Erwinia amylovora<\/em> reaches the flower, it must multiply to a threshold population (typically \u2265100,000\u20131,000,000 cells) to cause infection. Temperature strongly affects this process:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4712\" data-end=\"4900\">\n<li data-start=\"4712\" data-end=\"4740\">\n<p data-start=\"4714\" data-end=\"4740\"><strong data-start=\"4714\" data-end=\"4730\">Slow growth:<\/strong> 15\u201321\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4741\" data-end=\"4773\">\n<p data-start=\"4743\" data-end=\"4773\"><strong data-start=\"4743\" data-end=\"4763\">Moderate growth:<\/strong> 21\u201324\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4774\" data-end=\"4803\">\n<p data-start=\"4776\" data-end=\"4803\"><strong data-start=\"4776\" data-end=\"4793\">Rapid growth:<\/strong> 24\u201333\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4804\" data-end=\"4846\">\n<p data-start=\"4806\" data-end=\"4846\"><strong data-start=\"4806\" data-end=\"4836\">Optimal population growth:<\/strong> 28\u201332\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4847\" data-end=\"4875\">\n<p data-start=\"4849\" data-end=\"4875\"><strong data-start=\"4849\" data-end=\"4867\">Sharp decline:<\/strong> &gt;35\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4876\" data-end=\"4900\">\n<p data-start=\"4878\" data-end=\"4900\"><strong data-start=\"4878\" data-end=\"4892\">No growth:<\/strong> &gt;37\u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4902\" data-end=\"4905\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4907\" data-end=\"4947\"><strong data-start=\"4911\" data-end=\"4947\">Moisture as an Infection Trigger<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4949\" data-end=\"5194\">Infection risk significantly increases when flowers remain wet for <strong data-start=\"5016\" data-end=\"5035\">2 hours or more<\/strong>, regardless of the source (rain, dew, mist, irrigation, etc.). Whether infection actually occurs depends on blossom presence and <em data-start=\"5165\" data-end=\"5179\">E. amylovora<\/em> contamination.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5196\" data-end=\"5199\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5201\" data-end=\"5243\"><strong data-start=\"5205\" data-end=\"5243\">Fire Blight Prevention and Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5245\" data-end=\"5396\">While <strong data-start=\"5251\" data-end=\"5267\">Pinova Meteo<\/strong> offers a forecasting system, prevention remains the most effective control strategy. Integrated fire blight management combines:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5398\" data-end=\"5590\">\n<li data-start=\"5398\" data-end=\"5459\">\n<p data-start=\"5400\" data-end=\"5459\"><strong data-start=\"5400\" data-end=\"5427\">Horticultural practices<\/strong> to reduce tree susceptibility<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5460\" data-end=\"5512\">\n<p data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5512\"><strong data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5495\">Reduction of inoculum sources<\/strong> in the orchard<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5513\" data-end=\"5590\">\n<p data-start=\"5515\" data-end=\"5590\"><strong data-start=\"5515\" data-end=\"5547\">Well-timed protective sprays<\/strong> guided by weather-based infection models<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"5592\" data-end=\"5624\"><strong data-start=\"5597\" data-end=\"5624\">Horticultural Practices<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"5626\" data-end=\"5899\">Avoid highly susceptible cultivars such as: Crispin, Fuji, Gala, Idared, Jonathan, Monroe, Paulared, Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beauty, 20 Ounce, Wayne (source: USA). Susceptible rootstocks (e.g., M-9, Mark, M-26) combined with these cultivars form high-risk combinations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5901\" data-end=\"6247\">Fire blight shoot infections are common during vigorous growth; therefore, <strong data-start=\"5976\" data-end=\"6011\">pruning and nitrogen management<\/strong> are used to suppress excessive shoot development. Removal of infected shoots in early summer helps slow disease spread. Prune at least <strong data-start=\"6147\" data-end=\"6165\">20\u201330 cm below<\/strong> visible symptoms and disinfect tools with <strong data-start=\"6208\" data-end=\"6233\">70% alcohol or bleach<\/strong> between cuts.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6249\" data-end=\"6252\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"6254\" data-end=\"6281\"><strong data-start=\"6259\" data-end=\"6281\">Inoculum Reduction<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6283\" data-end=\"6527\">During dormancy, prune infected wood and apply <strong data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6359\">copper-based bactericides<\/strong> at green tip stage. Monitor for orange-colored shoots indicating infection and remove them post-petal fall. Early and rigorous pruning is essential for summer control.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6529\" data-end=\"6532\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"6534\" data-end=\"6563\"><strong data-start=\"6539\" data-end=\"6563\">Bactericide Spraying<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6565\" data-end=\"6810\">Most severe epidemics begin with <strong data-start=\"6598\" data-end=\"6620\">blossom infections<\/strong>. Some antibiotics, under regulated use, protect against infections if applied shortly <strong data-start=\"6707\" data-end=\"6726\">before or after<\/strong> risk periods. Forecasting systems like <strong data-start=\"6766\" data-end=\"6782\">CougarBlight<\/strong> help time these treatments.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6812\" data-end=\"6844\">Critical elements for infection:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"6845\" data-end=\"6947\">\n<li data-start=\"6845\" data-end=\"6892\">\n<p data-start=\"6848\" data-end=\"6892\">Accumulation of thermal units during bloom<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6893\" data-end=\"6947\">\n<p data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"6947\">Wetting event to move bacteria to infection sites<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"6949\" data-end=\"7150\">Therefore, apply bactericides <strong data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"6998\">before rainfall<\/strong> if infection threshold has been reached. <strong data-start=\"7040\" data-end=\"7100\">Routine antibiotic spraying during summer is discouraged<\/strong>, except after hail damage to protect open wounds.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7152\" data-end=\"7301\">In cases of widespread infection, the most effective eradication is <strong data-start=\"7220\" data-end=\"7251\">orchard removal and burning<\/strong>, though this is only considered in extreme cases.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7152\" data-end=\"7301\">Read more about <a href=\"https:\/\/pinova-meteo.com\/en\/product\/apple-scab-venturia-inaequalis\">Apple scab<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fire Blight of Apple \u2013 A Serious Threat to Orchards Fire blight is one of the most destructive and dangerous bacterial diseases affecting apple orchards. Biologically, it has the potential to wipe out entire plantations, while economically it can cause severe losses. The disease is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. The term \u201cblight\u201d refers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1991,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":""},"product_cat":[40,41],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2643","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-pinova-meteo-agriculture-weather-station","7":"product_cat-disease-models","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Bacterial fire blight of apple - Erwinia amylovora - Pinova Meteo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fire blight is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases affecting apple orchards. 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