{"id":2645,"date":"2024-06-03T14:04:50","date_gmt":"2024-06-03T12:04:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pinova-meteo.com\/proizvod\/plamenjaca-vinove-loze-plasmopara-viticola"},"modified":"2025-07-17T10:38:46","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T08:38:46","slug":"downy-mildew-of-grapevine-plasmopara-viticola","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pinova-meteo.com\/en\/product\/downy-mildew-of-grapevine-plasmopara-viticola","title":{"rendered":"Downy mildew of grapevine \u2013 Plasmopara viticola"},"content":{"rendered":"

Downy Mildew of Grapevine \u2013 Plasmopara viticola<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Downy mildew<\/strong> caused by Plasmopara viticola<\/strong> is one of the most common and widespread diseases affecting grapevines. The pathogen is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf debris and soil. Plasmopara viticola<\/strong> was introduced to Europe from North America, likely through the import of resistant American Vitis species used as rootstocks to combat phylloxera. It was first observed in Europe in 1874, with a significant outbreak described in France in 1878. From there, Downy mildew<\/strong> spread across European viticultural regions. In Croatia, it was first recorded in 1882 in continental areas and by 1885 along the Dalmatian coast. Earlier presence is suspected based on Voss\u2019s 1880 findings.<\/p>\n

Today, Downy mildew<\/strong> is present in nearly all grape-growing regions worldwide, with exceptions in parts of Chile, Afghanistan, and California. Economic losses were significant until forecasting services and systemic fungicides were introduced. Despite advancements in disease control, average yield losses of 3.4% still occur, ranging from 1\u201311.5% depending on rainfall during the growing season.
(Source: Cvjetkovi\u0107, B. 2010: Mycoses and Pseudomycoses of Fruit Trees and Grapevine)<\/p>\n

\n

Symptoms of Downy Mildew<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The disease can affect all green parts of the grapevine, with the first signs typically appearing on lower leaves. Symptom expression depends on temperature during the incubation period and can be grouped into three categories:<\/p>\n

1. High-temperature infections (21\u201324\u00b0C):<\/strong>
Incubation lasts only 4\u20135 days. On seemingly healthy leaf blades, white-greyish sporulation of Plasmopara viticola<\/strong> appears without the typical “oil spot” symptoms.<\/p>\n

2. Moderate temperatures (13.5\u201316\u00b0C):<\/strong>
Incubation takes 7\u201310 days. Oval, yellowish “oil spots” develop on the leaf blade, resembling oil stains on paper. These lesions enlarge (1\u20133 cm) and produce sporangia and sporangiophores on the underside of the leaf when humidity exceeds 90%.<\/p>\n

3. Late-season infections:<\/strong>
Older leaves show yellow to reddish spots bordered by veins, forming a mosaic with healthy tissue. During wet conditions, abundant sporulation occurs on the underside. When lesions coalesce, premature leaf drop may occur as early as late July, reducing canopy leaf area. Infected leaves become a source of secondary inoculum.<\/p>\n

Infections of shoots and tendrils are rare but can occur when shoots are 10\u201315 cm long. White mycelial growth of Plasmopara viticola<\/strong> with limited sporulation may be seen. Infected tissues turn brown and dry out. If flower clusters are infected before blooming, flower caps become brown and dry, potentially affecting entire inflorescences under moist conditions.<\/p>\n

\n

Infection Conditions for Plasmopara viticola<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Infection requires:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    Fully developed leaves (4\u20135 cm in diameter) or shoots \u226510 cm in length.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Average daily temperatures \u226511\u00b0C for 24 hours.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    At least 10 mm\/m\u00b2 of rain within 24 hours or \u226513 mm\/m\u00b2 over 2\u20133 days.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Wetness duration of at least 6 hours.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Relative humidity \u226570% after rain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Presence of viable sporangia of Plasmopara viticola<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Secondary infections depend on the product of leaf wetness hours and air temperature. If this infection index reaches \u226550, the risk of secondary Downy mildew<\/strong> outbreaks is high.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Control Strategy for Downy Mildew<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    All grapevine varieties cultivated in Croatia are considered equally susceptible to Downy mildew<\/strong>. Lower elevations, poorly drained soils, and dense or nitrogen-overloaded vineyards are more vulnerable. Timely warning systems and precise forecasting are key to managing this disease effectively.<\/p>\n

    Disease models \u2014 such as the one integrated into the PinovaSoft<\/strong> software platform paired with the Pinova Meteo<\/strong> weather station\u2014use vineyard-specific measurements to show users of Plasmopara viticola<\/strong> infection risks. This enables well-timed fungicide applications, minimizing unnecessary treatments.<\/p>\n

    Fungicides are grouped based on mode of action, and their rotation is essential to prevent resistance. No more than three applications from the same group are recommended per season. Copper-based fungicides, common in integrated viticulture, are limited to 3\u20134 kg of active substance per hectare annually (typically 2 applications).<\/p>\n

    \n

    Table 1: Key Characteristics of Fungicides for Controlling Downy Mildew in Grapevine<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    (Adapted from Cvjetkovi\u0107, 1998) Note that some of\u00a0 pesticides are not any more allowed in EU<\/em><\/p>\n

    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Fungicide Type<\/th>\nPreventive Action<\/th>\nRainfastness<\/th>\nLeaf Penetration<\/th>\nAbsorption Time<\/th>\nSystemic Activity<\/th>\nCurative Effect<\/th>\nProtection Duration (days)<\/th>\nResistance Risk<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Surface organics (mancozeb, propineb, folpet, metiram)<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n20\u201340 mm<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\nup to 8<\/td>\nlow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Al-efosetyl (e.g., Mikal)<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\nnot washed<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n30 min<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n?<\/td>\n14<\/td>\nlow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Phenylamides (metalaxyl, benalaxyl)<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\nnot washed<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n1\u20133 h<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n3\u20136 days<\/td>\n12\u201314<\/td>\n*high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Dimethomorph (e.g., Acrobat)<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\nnot washed<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n1\u20133 h<\/td>\n+<\/td>\ninhibits fruiting<\/td>\n12<\/td>\nlow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Cymoxanil (Aciso)<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\nnot washed<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n1\u20133 h<\/td>\n+<\/td>\n2\u20133 days<\/td>\n10<\/td>\nlow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Iprovalicarb (Melody)<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\nnot washed<\/td>\n+++<\/td>\n1\u20133 h<\/td>\n++<\/td>\n3\u20134 days<\/td>\n12\u201314<\/td>\nlow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \n
    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    * High risk of resistance; rotation with different groups is strongly advised.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Downy Mildew of Grapevine \u2013 Plasmopara viticola Downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is one of the most common and widespread diseases affecting grapevines. The pathogen is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf debris and soil. Plasmopara viticola was introduced to Europe from North America, likely through the import of resistant American […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1995,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"Plamenja\u010da vinove loze jedno je od naju\u010destalijih i najra\u0161irenijih oboljenja na toj kulturi. Uzro\u010dnik je gljivica Plasmopara viticola, heterotali\u010dna oomiceta koja prezimljuje kao oospora u otpacima li\u0161\u0107a i u tlu.\r\n\r\nUzro\u010dnik je uvezen u Europu iz Sjeverne Amerike vjerojatno na ameri\u010dkim Vitis vrstama koje su se tada masovno uvozile jer su se koristile kao podloga otporna na filokseru. U Europi se prvi puta pojavila 1874. godine ali je opisana nekoliko godina kasnije 1878. godine nakon ja\u010deg izboja u Francuskoj. Iz Francuske se pro\u0161irila na ostale dijelove Europe koji imaju vinogradarske povr\u0161ine. U kontinentalnim dijelovima Hrvatske plamenja\u010da se pojavila 1882. godine, a u Dalmaciji 1885. godine. S obzirom na podatke od Vossa iz 1880. godine plamenja\u010da je u na podru\u010dju Hrvatske vjerojatno postojala i ranije.\r\n\r\nDanas je ta bolest prisutna u svim dijelovima svijeta koji imaju tradiciju uzgoja vinove loze no postoje iznimke u nekim dijelovim \u010cilea, Afganistana te savezne dr\u017eave Kalifornije u SAD-u. \u0160tete su bile velikih razmjera sve do formiranja prognoznih slu\u017ebi i napretka u razvoju novi sistemi\u010dnih fungicida kada su se \u0161tete znatno smanjile. Iako je ostvaren veliki napredak na podru\u010dju za\u0161tite od te bolesti ipak postoje izravne \u0161tete koje iznose 3,4% u prosijeku, a variraju od 1-11,5% \u0161to uvelike ovisi o rasporedu oborina tijekom vegetacije. (Izvor: Cvjetkovi\u0107, B. 2010.: Mikoze i pseudomikoze vo\u0107aka i vinove loze)\r\n

    Simptomi<\/h3>\r\nZnakovi bolesti mogu se pojaviti na svim zelenim dijelovima biljke. Prvi simptomi se javljaju na listovima i to onima koji su najbli\u017ee tlu. Simptomi variraju s obzirom na temperaturu koja vlada u vinogradu tijekom inkubacija a mogu se podijeliti u tri skupine:\r\n

    Prva skupina:<\/h3>\r\nKada nakon momenta infekcije nastupe temperature od 21-24\u00b0C. Tada je razdoblje inkubacije jako kratko i mo\u017ee trajati 4-5 dana. Kod takvih uvjeta na naizgled zdravom zelenom djelu plojke nastaju organi koji nose spore i zoosporangij u obliku prljavo bijelih nakupina bez prethodne pojave simptoma poznatog kao \u201euljna mrlja\u201c\r\n

    Druga skupina:<\/h3>\r\nKod prosje\u010dnih temperatura od 13,5-16\u00b0C inkubacija traje 7-10 dana. Kod tih temperatura na plojki lista nastaju ne\u0161to svjetlija do \u017euta ovalna podru\u010dja. Taj se simptom zove \u201euljna mrlja\u201c i jer podsje\u0107a na mrlju koja nastane kada ulje do\u0111e na papir. Mrlje se nakon nastanka postupno pove\u0107avaju i dose\u017eu promjere od 1-3 cm. Nakon inkubacije porastom vlage zraka na vi\u0161e od 90% s donje strane lista na mjestu mrlja nastaju sporangiofori i zoosporangij. Ako se nakon pojave mrlja dogodi da temperature zraka porastu stvaranje sporonosnih organa se mo\u017ee odgoditi.\r\n

    Tre\u0107a skupina:<\/h3>\r\nOd kasnih sekundarnih zaraza na starim listovima nastaju \u017euta do crvenkasta polja obrubljena \u017eilama, formiraju\u0107i mozaik sa zelenim zdravim dijelovima lista. Na nali\u010dju lista za vla\u017ena vremena nastaje bogata sporulacija.\r\n\r\nPjege nastaju na nekoliko mjesta na plojki lista ali kada je zahva\u0107en ve\u0107i dio plojke list otpada. Otpadanje li\u0161\u0107a mo\u017ee nastupiti ve\u0107 krajem srpnja pa \u010dokot ostaje s manje li\u0161\u0107a na sebi. Otpali listovi su izvor zaraze za ostale organe. Mladice se rijetko zaraze, a ako se to i dogodi onda je to kada su duge 10-15 cm a to se o\u010dituje nastajanjem bijele prevlake sporonosnih organa i sporangija s oskudnim osloba\u0111anjem spora. Sli\u010dni su simptomi opisani i na viticama. Na zara\u017eenim dijelovima tkivo odumire i poprima razne nijanse sme\u0111e boje. Ako je mladica zara\u017eena ve\u0107im djelom ona se su\u0161i. Kod zaraze cvijeta, cvjetna kapica mo\u017ee biti zara\u017eena i prije no \u0161to se cvijet otvori. Ona tada poprimi sme\u0111u boju i osu\u0161i se. Zatim zaraza prelazi s kapice na cvijet te se on tako\u0111er su\u0161i. Kada je vrijeme vla\u017eno na cvatu se mogu pojaviti sporangiofori sa zoosporama pa dio cvata ili cijeli cvat bude prekriven bijelom presvlakom. (Izvor: Cvjetkovi\u0107, B. 2010.: Mikoze i pseudomikoze vo\u0107aka i vinove loze)\r\n

    Uvjeti za infekciju<\/h3>\r\nLi\u0161\u0107e mora biti razvijeno i promjera 4-5 cm ili mladice koje su du\u017eine ve\u0107e ili jednake 10 cm. Srednja dnevna temperatura se mora kretati vi\u0161e ili jednako 11\u00b0C u trajanju od 24 h. Oborine mora pasti najmanje 10 mm\/m2 u 24 h ili suma oborina kroz 2-3 dana mora biti ve\u0107a od 13 mm\/m2. Vla\u017eenje biljnih organa mora biti najmanje 6 h a relativna vlaga zraka nakon oborina mora iznositi najmanje 70%. Naravno, moraju postojati klijave spore koje pri tim uvjetima mogu ostvariti infekciju. Uvjeti sekundarne zaraze se ostvaruju umno\u0161kom sati vla\u017eenja lista s pripadaju\u0107om temperature zraka. Kada ta vrijednost iznosi minimalno 50 tada postoji vjerojatnost razvoja sekundarne infekcije.\r\n

    Strategija za\u0161tite<\/h3>\r\nSve sorte vinove loze koje se uzgajaju u Hrvatskoj su podjednako osjetljive na plamenja\u010du vinove loze. Vinogradi na ni\u017eim terenima i tlima koja zadr\u017eavaju vlagu su ja\u010de napadnuti bole\u0161\u0107u. Manje prozra\u010dni polo\u017eaji, gusto zasa\u0111eni nasadi i oni pregnojeni du\u0161ikom ili ja\u010de optere\u0107eni nasadi (uzgojni oblik zavjesa) su osjetljiviji na napad plamenja\u010de. Kada govorimo o strategiji za\u0161tite uvijek je dobro napomenuti da pravovremena dojava o mogu\u0107nostima infekcije uvijek puno zna\u010di. Prognozni modeli za ovu i mnoge druge bolesti su se razvijali i jo\u0161 uvijek se razvijaju pa tako i Pinova Meteo stanica unutar svog PinovaSoft programa ima implementiran prognozni model za plamenja\u010du vinove loze. Taj model na temelju izmjerenih vrijednosti iz vinograda \u0161alje obavijest korisniku s upozorenjem da postoji opasnost od infekcije plamenja\u010dom. Korisnik tada to\u010dno zna kada tretirati i \u0161titit svoju proizvodnju od ove devastiraju\u0107e bolesti.\r\n\r\nUz pravovremenu informaciju potrebna su za\u0161titna sredstva koja su podijeljena u skupine, a me\u0111u njima ima znatnih razlika (tablica 1.) Tijekom jedne sezone se ne preporu\u010duje kori\u0161tenje pripravaka iz iste skupine vi\u0161e od tri puta. Bakreni fungicidi se u integriranom vinogradarstvu ograni\u010davaju na primjenu 3-4 kg djelatne tvari tokom godine po hektaru, \u0161to zna\u010di najvi\u0161e dvije aplikacije pojedina\u010dnih ili kombiniranih bakrenih pripravaka u proizvodnoj sezoni.\r\n\r\nTabela 1. \u2013 Karakteristike fungicida za suzbijanje plamenja\u010de na vinovoj lozi (dopunjeno prema Cvijetkovi\u0107, 1998.)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Svojstva fungicida<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPovr\u0161inski organski<\/strong> (mankozeb, propineb,folpet, metiram)<\/td>\r\nAl-efosit<\/strong> (Mikal, Mikal B)<\/td>\r\nFenil-amidi<\/strong>\r\n(benalaksil,\r\nmetalaksil,\r\nofurak,\r\noksidiaksil)<\/td>\r\nDimetomorf<\/strong>\r\n(Acrobat)<\/td>\r\nCimoksanil<\/strong>\r\n(Aciso, Antracol Combi)<\/td>\r\nIprovalikarb<\/strong>\r\n(Melody)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Preventivni u\u010dinak<\/strong><\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Ispiranje ki\u0161om<\/strong><\/td>\r\n20-40 mm<\/td>\r\nNe ispire se<\/td>\r\nNe ispire se<\/td>\r\nNe ispire se<\/td>\r\nNe ispire se<\/td>\r\nNe ispire se<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Usvajanje u list<\/strong><\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Vrijeme apsorpcije<\/strong><\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n30 min.<\/td>\r\n60 min do 3 h<\/td>\r\n60 min do 3 h<\/td>\r\n60 min do 3 h<\/td>\r\n60 min do 3 h<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Sistemi\u010dnost<\/strong><\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n+++<\/td>\r\n++<\/td>\r\n+<\/td>\r\n+<\/td>\r\n++<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Stopiraju\u0107e djelovanje<\/strong><\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n?<\/td>\r\n3-6 dana<\/td>\r\nSprije\u010dava fruktifikaciju<\/td>\r\n2-3<\/td>\r\n3-4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Razdoblje za\u0161tite<\/strong><\/td>\r\nDo 8<\/td>\r\n14<\/td>\r\n12-14<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n10<\/td>\r\n12-14<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Pojava otpornosti<\/strong><\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n*<\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n-<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","_et_gb_content_width":""},"product_cat":[40,41],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2645","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-pinova-meteo-agriculture-weather-station","7":"product_cat-disease-models","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"\nDowny mildew of grapevine \u2013 Plasmopara viticola - Pinova Meteo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is one of the most common and widespread diseases affecting grapevines. 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